Figure 1. Research design framework.

Figure 2. Road classification and lighting regulation.

Figure 3. Site location and selected roads.

Figure 4. Observing routes and main observe standing points.

Figure 5. Illuminance measurement points.

Figure 6. Location of lampposts and lamp types.

Figure 7. Overall user-perceived performance score (A: Des Vouex Road West; B: Queen’s Road West; C: Alley; D: Whitty Street).

Figure 8. Illuminance mapping (Left: 8:30pm; Right: 11:30pm).

Figure 9. 12-hour Activities mapping.

Figure 10. Cost-performance (Left: current situation; Right: Ideal situation).

Figure 11. Research conclusions and proposed solutions.

Figure 12. Design strategy.

Figure 13. Retrofit process.

Figure 14. Lighting block module.

Figure 15. Utility module.

Figure 16. Sidewalk conditions and comparison of lighting path location.

Figure 17. Adaptive and interactive lighting path system.

Figure 18. Detailed plan, section and placement location of the lighting path in Queen's Road West.

Figure 19. Lighting in special areas.

Figure 20. Long-term lighting and underground systems.

Table 1. Scoring of lighting performance indicators using 5 points Likert scales.

Table 2. Information of the lamps in the site (Highways Department, 2024).

Table 3. Basic information and cost calculation of 4 roads.

Table 4. Illuminance baseline (lux)

Table 5. Cost and performance results